No Of Articles In The Indian Constitution

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List of All (448) Articles of the Indian Constitution. All the articles of Indian constitution are very important for any kind of competitive examinations. First of all you need to remember these articles to gear up your general knowledge as well as it is our (We the Indian) duty to know about our constitution. Part XX of The Constitution of India contains only one Article 368. It deals with the power of the Parliament to amend the constitution. It lays down two special methods for the amendment of various parts of the constitution.

  1. No Of Articles In The Indian Constitution
  2. Total No Of Articles In Indian Constitution Till 2017
  3. Number Of Articles In Indian Constitution Relating To Fundamental Rights
Part of a series on
Constitution of India
Preamble
Fundamental Rights
PART
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV
XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI
XXII
First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth
Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth
Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V
List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 ∙ 102 ∙ 103

as of March 2019, there have been 103[1]amendments to the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.[2]

There are two types of amendments to the constitution which are governed by article 368.

No Of Articles In The Indian Constitution
  • The first type includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament of India by a prescribed ‘special majority’; and
  • The second type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such 'special majority', ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures. The second type amendments that are made to the constitution are amendments # 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101, 102 and 103.[3]

List[edit]

No.AmendmentsEnforced sinceObjectivesPrime MinisterPresident
115, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342,,, 372 and 376.
Insert articles 31A and 31B.
Insert schedule 9.[4]		10th May 1951Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to protect against laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law.Jawaharlal NehruRajendra Prasad
2Amend article 81(1)(b).[5]1 May 1953Removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
3Amend schedule 7.[6]22 February 1955Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of four classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
4Amend articles 31, 35 band 305.
Amend schedule 9.[7]		27 April 1955Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
5Amend article 3.[8]24 December 1955Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited any such bill from being introduced in Parliament until after the expiry of the prescribed or extended period.
6Amend articles 269 and 286.
Amend schedule 7.[9]		11 September 1956Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes.
7Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.[10]		1 November 1956Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union Territories.
8Amend article 334.[11]5 January 1960Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9Amend schedule 1.[12]28 December 1960Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[13]		11 August 1961Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
11Amend articles 66 and 71.[14]19 December 1961Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.
12Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[15]		20 December 1961Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
13Amend article 170.
Insert new article 371A.[16]		1 December 1963Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
14Amend articles 81 and 240.
Insert article 239A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[17]		28 December 1962Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
15Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.
Insert article 224A.
Amend schedule 7.[18]		5 October 1963Raise retirement age of High court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
16Amend articles 19, 84 and 173.
Amend schedule 3.[19]		5 October 1963Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligtory templates.
17Amend article 31A.
Amend schedule 9.[20]		20 June 1964To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
18Amend article 3.[21]27 August 1966Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories.Lal Bahadur Shastri
19Amend article 324.[22]11 December 1966Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
20Insert article 233A.[23]22 December 1966Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
21Amend schedule 8.[24]10 April 1967Include Sindhi as an Official Language.Indira Gandhi
22Amend article 275.
Insert articles 244A and 371B.[25]		25 September 1969Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.V. V. Giri
23Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.[26]23 January 1970Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
24Amend articles 13 and 368.[27]5 November 1971Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution.
25Amend article 31.
Insert article 31C.[28]		20 April 1972Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C, to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.
26Amend article 366.
Insert article 363A.
Remove articles 291 and 362.[29]		28 December 1971Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.
27Amend articles 239A and 240.
Insert articles 239B and 371C.[30]		15 February 1972Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
28Insert article 312A.
Remove article 314.[31]		29 August 1972Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence.
29Amend schedule 9.[32]9 June 1972Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
30Amend article 133.[33]27 February 1973Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
31Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.[34]17 October 1973Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
32Amend article 371.
Insert articles 371D and 371E.
Amend schedule 7.[35]		1 July 1974Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.
33Amend articles 101 and 190.[36]19 May 1974Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
34Amend schedule 9.[37]7 September 1974Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
35Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 2A.
Insert schedule 10.[38]		1 March 1975Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
36Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
Remove article 2A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[39]		26 April 1975Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
37Amend articles 239A and 240.[40]3 May 1975Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
38Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.[41]1 June 1975Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
39Amend articles 71 and 329.
Insert article 329A.
Amend schedule 9.[42]		10 August 1975Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. The amendment was introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7, 1975 and again introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 8, 1975. As many as 17 State Assemblies, summoned on Saturday, August 9 ratified this amendment and President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad gave his assent on Sunday, August 10 and the civil servants issued gazette notification on Sunday, August 10, 1975. As a consequence of this amendment to the Constitution of India, Supreme Court of India's scheduled hearing on August 11, 1975 of Petition challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election became infructuous.[43]

Later however, Article 329A was struck down by the Supreme Court in case of Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.

40Amend article 297.
Amend schedule 9.[44]		27 May 1976Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.

Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

41Amend article 316.[45]7 September 1976Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
42Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[46]		2 November 1976Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a 'Socialist Secular' Republic.

However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.

43Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.
Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.[47]		13 April 1978Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42.Morarji DesaiNeelam Sanjiva Reddy
44Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[48]		6 September 1978Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
45Amend article 334.[49]25 January 1980Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.Indira Gandhi
46Amend articles 269, 286 and 366.
Amend schedule 7.[50]		2 February 1983Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.Zail Singh
47Amend schedule 9.[51]26 August 1984Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
48Amend article 356.[52]26 August 1984Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
49Amend article 244.
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[53]		11 September 1984Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
50Amend article 33.[54]11 September 1984Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.
51Amend articles 330 and 332.[55]29 April 1984Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
52Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191.
Insert schedule 10.[56]		15 February 1985Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, parts of the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.Rajiv Gandhi
53Insert article 371G.[57]20 February 1986Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
54Amend articles 125 and 221.
Amend schedule 2.[58]		1 April 1986Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
55Insert article 371H.[59]20 February 1987Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
56Insert article 371I.[60]30 May 1987Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
57Amend article 332.[61]21 September 1987Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.R. Venkataraman
58Insert article 394A.
Amend part 22.[62]		9 December 1987Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
59Amend article 356.
Insert article 359A.[63]		30 March 1988Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
60Amend article 276.[64]20 December 1988Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.
61Amend article 326.[65]28 March 1989Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
62Amend article 334.[66]20 December 1989Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.V. P. Singh
63Amend article 356.
Remove article 359A.[67]		6 January 1990Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed.
64Amend article 356.[68]16 April 1990Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.
65Amend article 338.[69]12 March 1990National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
66Amend schedule 9.[70]7 June 1990Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
67Amend article 356.[71]4 October 1990Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.
68Amend article 356.[72]12 March 1991Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab.
69Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.[73]1 February 1990To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.P. V. Narasimha Rao
70Amend articles 54 and 239AA.[74]21 December 1991Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election.
71Amend schedule 8.[75]31 August 1992Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as Official Languages.Shankar Dayal Sharma
72Amend article 332.[76]5 December 1992Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
73Insert part 9.[77]24 April 1992Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages.
74Insert part 9A, amend article 280.[78]1 June 1992Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.
75Amend article 323B.[79]15 May 1994Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.
76Amend schedule 9.[80]31 August 1994Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
77Amend article 16.[81]17 June 1995A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions.
78Amend schedule 9.[82]30 August 1995Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
79Amend article 334.[83]25 January 2000Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010.Atal Bihari VajpayeeK. R. Narayanan
80Amend articles 269 and 270.
Remove article 272.[84]		9 June 2000Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre.
81Amend article 16.[85]9 June 2000Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.
82Amend article 335.[86]8 September 2000Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates.
83Amend article 243M.[87]8 September 2000Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
84Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.[88]21 February 2002Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
85Amend article 16.[89]4 January 2002A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST Employees.
86Amend articles 45 and 51A.
Insert article 21A.[90]		12 December 2002Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six.A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
87Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.[91]22 June 2003Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
88Amend article 270.
Insert article 268A.
Amend schedule 7.[92]		15 January 2004To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax.
89Amend article 338.
Insert article 338A.[93]		28 September 2003The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
90Amend article 332.[94]28 September 2003Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
91Amend articles 75 and 164.
Insert article 361B.
Amend schedule 10.[95]		1 January 2004Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
92Amend schedule 8.[96]7 January 2004Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official languages.
93Amend article 15.[97]20 January 2006To enable provision of reservation (27%) for other backward classes(OBC) in government as well as private educational institutions.Manmohan Singh
94Amend article 164.[98]12 June 2006To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
95Amend article 334.[99]25 January 2010To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.Pratibha Patil
96Amend schedule 8.[100]23 September 2011Substituted 'Odia' for 'Oriya'.
97Amend Art 19 and added Part IXB.[101]12 January 2012Added the words 'or co-operative societies' after the word 'or unions' in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.

The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.[102]

98To insert Article 371J in the Constitution[103]2 January 2013To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.[103]Pranab Mukherjee
99Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.[104]13 April 2015[105]Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.[106] The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.Narendra Modi
100Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution[107]1 August 2015Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
101Addition of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A.

Amendment of articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.[108]

1 July 2017Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
102Addition of articles 338B, 342A.

Modification of articles 338, 366.[109]

11 August 2018Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward ClassesRam Nath Kovind
103Amendment to Article 15 & 16[110]12 January 2019A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

See also[edit]


References[edit]

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Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=897652084'

The Articles in Constitution are in Twenty-two parts and several schedules.

The most important of them are enumerated in:

Part II containing Articles 5 to 11 relate to Citizenship;

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Part III containing Articles 12 to 35A relate to Fundamental rights;

Parts IV contain Articles 36 to 51 which deal with the Directive Principles of State Policy;

Parts V contain Articles 52 to 152 which deal with The Union;

Part VI deals with The States; and

Part XVIII deals with Emergency Provisions.

Part V deals with the Union. It provides for the President and the Vice President of India, Council of Ministers, the Attorney General of India, the Parliament and its members, the Legislative Procedures etc. An Electoral College consisting of the elected members of the Parliament and the elected members of the States elect the President of India. Each member represents a particular number of votes.

The President holds the office for 5 years and the members of both houses of parliament elect the Vice President for a period of 5 years. He is also the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Constitution has established a permanent Supreme Court and High Courts. The Supreme Court has a Chief Justice and other Judges, all of whom retire at the age of 65 years. The President appoints the Judges, but judicial pronouncements have laid down the norms that bind the President in the matter of appointing the Judges.

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The Executive cannot override the recommendation made by the Chief Justice of India, who in turn should consult other 5 senior Judges. Normally the judges of the High Court are elevated to the Supreme Court. There is also a provision to appoint any distinguished jurist as a judge of the Supreme Court. Sometimes members of the Bar are also appointed directly to the Supreme Court.

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No judge can be removed except by an order of the President, who in turn has to act on the basis of the result of an impeachment by the Parliament.

The Supreme Court has vast powers. Apart from enforcing the fundamental rights, it may entertain appeals from the High Courts and other Tribunals. The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within India.

The President may refer any question of law or facts for the opinion of the Supreme Court and thus the Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction.

Part VI deals with the States. The Governor is the head of the State, appointed by the President. He holds office during the pleasure of the President. Any person, who is a citizen of India and has completed the age of 35 years, is eligible for appointment as a Governor.

The powers of the Governor are similar to that of the President in as much that he acts on the basis of the advice given by Chief Minister and the council of Ministers. The Governor also has power of making ordinances, if an immediate action is called for, when the legislature of the State is not in session.

The Chief Minister and the council of Ministers are responsible to the Legislative Assembly and they are to be the members of the Legislative Assembly or the Upper House (in case there is an Upper House.) The voters elect the members of the State Assembly directly.

The tenure of the assembly is five years unless dissolved earlier. There are many provisions governing the law making process.

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Each State has a High Court with a Chief Justice and other Judges who retire at the age of sixty- two. The President of India appoints them. Normally the President is bound by the opinion or recommendation of the Chief Justice of India, who in turn should consult other Senior Judges etc., as per the judicial pronouncements of the Supreme Court.

No Of Articles In The Indian ConstitutionNo Of Articles In The Indian Constitution

The Governor of the State also is consulted, but his opinion will not prevail over the opinion of the Chief Justice of India. Here, the term ‘Governor’ means, in practice, the Chief Minister headed by the Council of Ministers.

No Of Articles In The Indian Constitution

The High Court has writ jurisdiction, which is quite wide. It has also appellate and provisional powers. The High Court controls the administration of the subordinate courts including the appointment of District Judges.

The Judges of the High Court can be removed only in the manner the Judges of the Supreme Court are removed (by impeachment). The legislative powers of the Union of the States are clearly demarcated and the subjects falling within the purview of each are found in Schedule VII to the Constitution. Certain subjects are in the concurrent field and the State as well as the Union could legislate in respect of them.

The Constitution also provides as to which would prevail, in case, there is a conflict between the law made by the State legislature and the Parliament. The Constitution also establishes an Election Commission, which has the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections including the election of the President and the Vice President.

There are special provisions relating to certain classes such as the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe and other Backward Classes. Under Article 15 and 16 reservations in matters of admissions to Educational Institutions and appointments can be made in favour of the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe and other Backward Classes. Recently, Article 16(4)(A) was introduced to provide for reservation in promotions in favour of the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes.

The official language of the Union is declared as Hindi. However, English as per the Constitution shall continue for the same purpose for a particular period (vide Article 343). Old zee marathi comedy serials list. There are also provisions regarding regional languages.

Total No Of Articles In Indian Constitution Till 2017

Part XVIII provides for declaration of “emergency” under certain circumstances and consequences of such a declaration.

Number Of Articles In Indian Constitution Relating To Fundamental Rights

Article 356 empowers the President to assume himself all or any of the functions of the State Government. Here the dismissal of the Council of Ministers of any State by the President is provided for. The said Article also regulates and controls the circumstances under which the power could be exercised under Article 356. In recent times exercise of power under 356 dismissing the duly elected State Government has become controversial.

The Constitution provides for a Comptroller and Auditor General of India to keep watch over the funds of the States. The Constitution has by an amendment included provisions governing the local authorities, such as Municipalities and Village level Panchayats.

The Constitution also establishes an Election Commission, which has the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections including the election of the President and the Vice President.

Indian Constitution is said to be a combination of rigidity and flexibility. Simple majority in both the Houses of Parliament can amend certain provisions of the Constitution like Articles 2, 3, and 4 ana 169 like ordinary legislation. Other provisions can be amended under Article 368 by the Houses of Parliament by a special majority of 2/3rds of the members present and voting and a majority of the total membership in each House.

In special cases in addition to a special majority in the two Houses of Parliament, an amendment would require the ratification of not less than one-half of the States. The fact that during the last 50 years, there were as many as 95 Amendments to the Constitution disproves the charge that the Constitution is rigid in character.

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