Find great deals on eBay for casio fx-991es. Shop with confidence. Skip to main content. 417 Functions Natural textbook display. Or Best Offer +$0.74 shipping. Casio Scientific Calculator fx-991ex / fx-991ES PLUS / fx-991MS / fx-82ES PLUS. 15 product ratings - Casio FX-991ES Plus Display Scientific. Amazon.com: Casio Fx-991es Plus Natural Display Scientific Calculator: Office Products. Casio fx-991ES (Natural Display). Image: Wikimedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The Casio fx-991ES is a scientific calculator with 8 digits precision and formula input logic. It has 403 functions, 50 keys, and an LCD (liquid crystal) display.

1. Casio Fx 991 Es Calculator
2. Casio Fx-991es Natural Display Two Way Power

Casio Fx 991 Es Calculator

A scientific calculator is a type of electroniccalculator, usually but not always handheld, designed to calculate problems in science, engineering, and mathematics. They have almost completely replaced slide rules in traditional applications, and are widely used in both education and professional settings.

Casio Fx-991es Natural Display Two Way Power

In certain contexts such as higher education, scientific calculators have been superseded by graphing calculators, which offer a superset of scientific calculator functionality along with the ability to graph input data and write and store programs for the device. There is also some overlap with the financial calculator market.

Functions[edit]

Modern scientific calculators generally have many more features than a standard four or five-function calculator, and the feature set differs between manufacturers and models; however, the defining features of a scientific calculator include:

• floating point arithmetic
• logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base e
• trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry)
• exponential functions and roots beyond the square root
• quick access to constants such as pi and e

In addition, high-end scientific calculators generally include:

• cursor controls to edit equations and view previous calculations
• hexadecimal, binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean math
• fractions calculations
• statistics and probability calculations
• programmability — see Programmable calculator
• equation solving
• letters that can be used for spelling words or including variables into an equation

While most scientific models have traditionally used a single-line display similar to traditional pocket calculators, many of them have more digits (10 to 12), sometimes with extra digits for the floating point exponent. A few have multi-line displays, with some models from Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments (both US manufacturers), Casio, Sharp, and Canon (all three Japanese makers) using dot matrix displays similar to those found on graphing calculators.

Uses[edit]

Scientific calculators are used widely in situations that require quick access to certain mathematical functions, especially those that were once looked up in mathematical tables, such as trigonometric functions or logarithms. They are also used for calculations of very large or very small numbers, as in some aspects of astronomy, physics, and chemistry.

They are very often required for math classes from the junior high school level through college, and are generally either permitted or required on many standardized tests covering math and science subjects; as a result, many are sold into educational markets to cover this demand, and some high-end models include features making it easier to translate a problem on a textbook page into calculator input, e.g. by providing a method to enter an entire problem in as it is written on the page using simple formatting tools.

History[edit]

The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic ideas above was the programmable Hewlett-Packard HP-9100A,^[1] released in 1968, though the Wang LOCI-2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron^[2] had some features later identified with scientific calculator designs. The HP-9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish notation (RPN) entry. HP became closely identified with RPN calculators from then on, and even today some of their high-end calculators (particularly the long-lived HP-12C financial calculator and the HP-48 series of graphing calculators) still offer RPN as their default input mode due to having garnered a very large following.

The HP-35, introduced on February 1, 1972, was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first handheld scientific calculator.^[3] Like some of HP's desktop calculators it used RPN. Introduced at US$395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.

Texas Instruments (TI), after the introduction of several units with scientific notation, came out with a handheld scientific calculator on January 15, 1974, in the form of the SR-50.^[4] TI continues to be a major player in the calculator market, with their long-running TI-30 series being one of the most widely used scientific calculators in classrooms.

Casio, Canon and Sharp have also been major players, with Casio's fx series (beginning with the Casio fx-1 in 1972^[5]) being a very common brand, used particularly in schools. Casio is also a major player in the graphing calculator market, and was the first company to produce one (Casio fx-7000G).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^HP-9100A/B at hpmuseum.org
2. ^. 196403.pdf. 'across the editor's desk: COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER - THE MATHATRON'. Computers and Automation. XIII (3): 43. Mar 1964.CS1 maint: others (link)
3. ^HP-35 Scientific Calculator Awarded IEEE Milestone
4. ^SR-50 page at datamath.org
5. ^Casio FX-1 Desktop Scientific Calculator

Casio V.P.A.M. calculators are scientific calculators made by Casio which use Casio's Visually Perfect Algebraic Method (V.P.A.M.), Natural Display or Natural V.P.A.M. input methods.

V.P.A.M. is an infix system for entering mathematical expressions, used by Casio in most of its current scientific calculators. In the infix notation the precedence of mathematical operators is taken into account. According to Casio, in V.P.A.M. calculations can be input exactly as they are normally written. Functions, operators and symbols are shown on the calculator display and calculations are performed according to operator precedence.

• 2List of calculators
  • 2.2S-V.P.A.M. (Two-line, Multi-replay)

History[edit]

The V.P.A.M. name was first introduced in 1994 with the introduction of the fx-991S scientific calculator in Japan. In 1998, the Casio fx-991W model used a two-tier (multi-line) display and the system was termed as S-V.P.A.M. (Super V.P.A.M.). The model featured a 5x6-dot LCD matrix cells on the top line of the screen and a 7-segment LCD on the bottom line of the screen that had been used in Casio fx-4500P programmable calculators.^[1] The S-V.P.A.M. system was also used in the other W series models and also the MS series of calculators that followed. V.P.A.M. is similar to the Direct Algebraic Logic (D.A.L.) used by Sharp in some of their scientific calculators.

The fx-82ES introduced by Casio in 2004 was the first calculator to incorporate the Natural Textbook Display (or Natural Display) system. It allowed the display of expressions of fractions, exponents, logarithms, powers and square roots etc. as they are written in a standard textbook. Natural Display uses natural representation of mathematical expressions and formulas through a 96 × 31 dot matrixLCD display. Casio uses the term Natural V.P.A.M. for the fx-ES Plus series of calculators which are the upgraded version of the fx-ES series.

In early 2015, Casio introduced a new line of calculators called CLASSWIZ for different markets, featuring a high resolution (192 × 63) dot matrix Natural Textbook Display and incorporating spreadsheet functions in some models. This series of calculators is called the fx-EX series and it succeeds the fx-ES Plus series of calculators.

List of calculators[edit]

Note: Italic figures in parentheses indicate the year of introduction, e.g.: (c. 1994)

V.P.A.M. (Visually perfect algebraic method)[edit]

Models:

• fx-991S / 570S / 911S (c. 1994)
• fx-115S / 100S / 122S (c. 1995)
• fx-993S / 992S (c. 1996)
• fx-300S (a simplified 8+2 digit version)

S-V.P.A.M. (Two-line, Multi-replay)[edit]

W-series[edit]

Changes to S-series calculators include:

• 2-line LCD display featuring 5x6-dot matrix cells top line and 7-segment LCD bottom line that had been used in Casio fx-4500P programmable calculators (used 5x7-dot matrix cells).^[2]
• fx-991W / 570W / 115W / 100W / 115WA (c. 1998-99)
• fx-82TL / 83W / 85W / 85WA / 300W / 350TL / 83WA / 270W (c. 1998-99)

MS-series[edit]

Revised variants of W Series of calculators including new functions such as:

• Relocation of multiple functions into menus, previously featured in Casio fx-5500LA,^[3] but function is selected by numeric keypad
• Multiple statement recall

Non-programmable models:

• fx-991MS / 570MS / 115MS / 100MS / 95MS / 85MS / 350MS / 82MS (early 2000s)
• fx-912MS (Japanese version of the fx-115MS)
• fx-300MS (U.S. model)
• OH-300MS (Overhead projection model), fx-100AU (Australia specific)
• fx-500MS (Vietnam)
• fx-290 (Japan)
• fx-220 PLUS (International)

Programmable models:

• fx-3650/3950P (International)
• fx-3650P II (International)
• fx-50F PLUS (International)
• fx-50FH (Hong Kong)
• fx-50FH II (Hong Kong)
• fx-72F (Japan)

Natural Textbook Display[edit]

Revised version of the MS Series including the following changes:

• Mutli-line 96x31 dot matrix displays, but character cells are connected by dots like graphing calculators
• The ability to display and edit mathematical formulae in more visual formats
• Revised design of function menu interface, previously featured in Casio fx-4800P^[4]
• No engineering symbol (SI prefixes) input or display facility, which was available in certain MS / W / S series models (fx-100, 115, 570 and 991MS / W / S).

Model-specific features include:

• Numerical integration uses Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula

Models:

• fx-991ES / 570ES / 115ES (c. 2004)
• fx-500ES / 350ES / 300ES / 85ES / 83ES / 82ES (c. 2004)
• OH-300ES (Overhead projection model)
• FC-100/200V (financial functions)

Natural V.P.A.M.[edit]

Models:

• fx-82AU PLUS II (Australia)
• fx-82ES PLUS A (China, simplified Chinese messages)
• fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 570 / 991ES PLUS (c. 2008-09)
• fx-115 / 300ES PLUS (U.S.)
• fx-991ES PLUS C (Canada version of fx-115ES PLUS)
• fx-82 / 85 / 87 / 991DE PLUS (Germany)
• fx-85GT/fx-83GT Plus (EU specific)
• fx-82 / 991ZA Plus (South Africa)
• fx-373 / 913 / 573 / 993ES (2008) (Japan)
• fx-375 / 915 / 995ES (2012) (Japan)
• fx-500 / 570VN PLUS (Vietnam)
• fx-95 / 96SG PLUS (Singapore)
• OH-300ES PLUS (Overhead projection model)
• fx-FD10 Pro (International civil engineering model)

The CPU found in those models is based on the nX-U8/100 architecture.^[5]

ClassWiz (High-resolution Natural Textbook Display)[edit]

Changes to the ES PLUS series include:

• Standard 192×63 display
• Icon-based mode menu previously used on Casio fx-9700GE graphing calculators
• Mode-specific functions are accessible via a unified function key as in fx-4800P

Model-specific features include:

• Scientific constants and conversion functions are grouped into categories
• Multilingual messages (excluding EX models and DE X models)
• QR code export (excluding CN X models, VN X models and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL)
• Multiline display supports up to 6 rows (excluding JP series, fx-530AZ STUDY CAL and 580VN. x models)
• Vector mode now supports maximum 4-variable vectors and 4 user-defined vector storage
• Matrix mode now supports maximum 4×4 matrices and 4 user-defined matrix storage
• New spreadsheet mode (excluding CN X and VN X models)
• Simultaneous linear equation solver supports up to 4 variables
• Polynomial equation solver supports up to 4th degree equations and inequalities
• Engineering symbols display and entry previously found in MS / W / S / D-series calculators

Models:

• fx-82 / 85 / 350 / 570 / 991EX (2015 1Q) (International)^[6]
• fx-JP500 / 700 / 900 and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL (late 2014) (Japan)
• fx-87 / 991DE X (Germany)
• fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991CE X (Central Europe)
• fx-85GT X (2019) (EU, UK)
• fx-92 Spéciale Collège (France)
• fx-92B Spéciale Collège (Belgium)
• fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991SP X II Iberia / fx-85SP X II Iberia (Portugal, Spain)
• fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991LA X (Latin America)
• fx-82 / 95 / 570 / 991AR X Iberia, fx-95AR X, fx-570AR X, fx-991AR X (2015) (Middle East, Arabic Africa)^[7]
• fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 991CN X 中文版 (Chinese Edition) (2014) (China)^[8]
• fx-580VN X (Vietnam)

References[edit]

1. ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
2. ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
3. ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-5500LA
4. ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-4800P
5. ^https://www.oki.com/jp/Home/JIS/Books/KENKAI/n203/pdf/203_R06.pdf
6. ^Casio to Release World’s First Standard Scientific Calculator Equipped with a Spreadsheet Function
7. ^Casio to Release World’s First Standard Scientific Calculator Which Displays Arabic Script on the Screen
8. ^【ClassWiz联测】卡西欧旗舰型号991CNX/JP900/991DEX/991SPX对比

See also[edit]